Avian influenza: cause, symptoms and tips

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what is avian influenza virus

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds, including domestic poultry and wild birds. The influenza viruses that cause avian influenza belong to the Type A influenza virus family and are classified into different subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus.  Hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). There are several subtypes of avian influenza viruses, and they can vary in their severity and impact on birds.

While avian influenza viruses typically only infect birds, some subtypes have the potential to infect humans and other animals, raising public health concerns. Transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans usually occurs through direct contact with infected birds or their droppings, or through contact with surfaces contaminated with the virus. In rare cases, avian influenza viruses can mutate or recombine with human influenza viruses, leading to the emergence of new strains that can cause pandemics in humans.

avian influenza

Common symptoms of avian influenza

  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Sore throat
  • Muscle aches
  • Fatigue
  • Headache
  • Runny or stuffy nose
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Chest pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea (more common in cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza)

It is important to note that not everyone infected with avian influenza will experience all of these symptoms, and some individuals may have only mild symptoms or may be asymptomatic. In severe cases, avian influenza can cause complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ failure, and even death.

If a person has been exposed to birds infected with avian influenza or is experiencing symptoms of the illness, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and reduce the spread of the virus to others.

causes of avian influenza

  • Infection in birds: Avian influenza viruses spread naturally among wild birds, especially waterfowl such as ducks and geese, without causing significant disease. However, these viruses can also infect domestic poultry (such as chickens, turkeys, and ducks), leading to outbreaks in poultry farms. Infection in birds can occur through direct contact with infected birds or through exposure to contaminated environments, such as water sources contaminated with bird droppings.
  • Transmission to humans: While avian influenza viruses primarily infect birds, some subtypes have the potential to infect humans. Human infection usually occurs by direct contact with infected birds or their droppings, or by exposure to environments contaminated with the virus. In rare cases, avian influenza viruses can spread directly from birds to humans and cause disease. Transmission of avian influenza viruses between humans is rare, but can occur especially in close contact settings such as homes or health care settings.
  • Genetic mutation and reassortment: Avian influenza viruses have the potential to undergo genetic mutation and reassortment, leading to the emergence of new strains with altered virulence or the ability to infect new hosts, including humans. Genetic changes in viruses can occur through spontaneous mutation or recombination when different influenza virus strains infect the same host and exchange genetic material. These genetic changes may result in the emergence of strains that may pose increased risks to human health, including the potential to cause pandemics.
  • Human factors: Human activities such as poultry farming, trade, and transportation of live birds can contribute to the spread of avian influenza viruses across bird populations and geographic regions. Poor biosecurity measures in poultry farms, live bird markets, and other settings can facilitate transmission of the virus between birds and increase human exposure.

Preventing and controlling outbreaks of avian influenza requires coordinated efforts at the human-animal-environment interface, including monitoring of bird populations, early detection of outbreaks, implementation of biosecurity measures in poultry farms and high-risk populations. Areas include vaccination of poultry.

Additionally, public health measures such as education, hygiene practices, and rapid response to human cases are essential to reduce the risk of transmission to humans and minimize the impact of avian influenza on public health.

what are the test of avian influenza in human

  • Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): RT-PCR tests detect the genetic material (RNA) of avian influenza viruses in respiratory specimens (such as nasal or throat swabs) collected from infected individuals. This molecular technique amplifies viral RNA, allowing sensitive and specific detection of the virus. RT-PCR tests are considered the gold standard for diagnosing avian influenza in humans and can provide rapid results.
  • Viral culture: Viral culture involves attempting to grow avian influenza viruses from respiratory specimens collected from infected individuals. This technique is less commonly used than RT-PCR, but can provide additional information about the virus, such as its ability to replicate and its sensitivity to antiviral drugs.
  • Serological tests: Serological tests detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to avian influenza virus infection. These tests may be useful for identifying past infections in individuals and assessing exposure to the virus at a population-level. However, serological tests may not be useful for diagnosing acute infection because it takes time for the immune system to produce detectable levels of antibodies.
  • Chest X-ray: Chest X-ray imaging may be performed to assess the extent of lung involvement in individuals with severe respiratory symptoms of avian influenza. Chest X-ray findings may show signs of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which can occur in severe cases of avian influenza.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan: Chest CT scanning can provide more detailed imaging of lung abnormalities in individuals with severe respiratory symptoms. CT scans can help identify pneumonia, ARDS, or other complications associated with avian influenza infection.
  • Point-of-care tests: Rapid diagnostic tests for avian influenza are under development, which can provide rapid results at the point of care. These tests may include antigen detection assays or nucleic acid amplification tests designed for use in resource-limited settings or during outbreaks.

It is important to note that laboratory testing for avian influenza in humans must be performed in specialized laboratories equipped to safely handle infectious agents. Additionally, accurate diagnosis depends on proper specimen collection, handling, and transportation to the laboratory. If a person has been exposed to avian influenza or is experiencing symptoms of the illness, they should seek medical attention immediately for appropriate testing and treatment.

how to prevent avian influenza in human

  • Avoid contact with sick birds: Minimize direct contact with birds that appear sick or are found dead. This includes domestic chickens and wild birds.
  • Practice good hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after touching birds or visiting fields. Use hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. Avoid touching your face, eyes, nose or mouth with dirty hands.
  • Cook poultry products properly: Cook poultry products, including eggs and meat, thoroughly until they reach an internal temperature of at least 165°F (74°C) to kill any potential avian influenza viruses. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked poultry products.
  • Avoid touching birds with bare hands: Wear gloves and other personal protective equipment  when  handling birds, cleaning coops, or working on poultry farms. Dispose of gloves and wash hands thoroughly afterward.
  • Practice safe food handling: Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw poultry products to prevent cross-contamination with other foods. Clean and disinfect surfaces, utensils and kitchen equipment used to prepare poultry products.
  • Limit exposure to high-risk areas: Avoid visiting live bird markets, poultry farms or other areas with high numbers of birds, especially during outbreaks. If it is necessary to visit such areas, follow strict hygiene practices and wear appropriate protective clothing.
  • Vaccination of Poultry: Vaccinate domestic poultry against avian influenza to reduce the spread of the virus among bird populations. Implement vaccination programs in areas where avian influenza is endemic or has caused outbreaks
  • Implement biosecurity measures: Enforce strict biosecurity measures in poultry farms and backyard flocks to prevent the introduction and spread of avian influenza viruses. Control access to poultry facilities, disinfect equipment and limit contact between birds from different flocks.
  • Monitor the health of birds: Monitor the health of domestic chickens and report any signs of illness or unusual death to veterinary authorities. Regularly monitor bird populations for early detection of avian influenza outbreaks.
  • Educate and raise awareness: Educate poultry farmers, poultry industry workers, and the general public about the risks of avian influenza and preventive measures. Promote awareness of safe management practices and hygiene measures to reduce the risk of avian influenza transmission.

what type of care can be taken by a avian influenza patient

  • seek medical attention: Consult a health care professional immediately if you suspect you have avian influenza or if you have been exposed to infected birds. Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for treatment and follow-up care.
  • Isolation and Comfort: Stay at home or in a healthcare facility as advised by your healthcare provider to prevent spreading the virus to others. Get plenty of rest to help your body recover from the infection.
  • stay hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids like water, herbal teas and clear soups to stay hydrated and get relief from symptoms like fever and cough.
  • Take medicines as prescribed: If prescribed by your healthcare provider, take antiviral medications as directed to help reduce the severity and duration of illness. Over-the-counter medications can be used to relieve symptoms such as fever, cough, and muscle aches, but consult your healthcare provider before taking any new medications.
  • Practice respiratory hygiene: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent spreading the virus to others. Dispose of the tissue properly and then wash your hands.
  • Use personal protective equipment (PPE): Wear a medical mask if you need to be around other people, especially if you’re coughing or sneezing. Health care workers and caregivers should use appropriate PPE, such as gloves and gowns, when caring for avian influenza patients.
  • Maintain good hygiene habits: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching potentially contaminated surfaces. If soap and water are not available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
  • Keep an eye on the symptoms: Keep track of your symptoms and report any changes or worsening to your healthcare provider. Get medical help right away if you experience difficulty breathing, chest pain, or other serious symptoms.
  • Follow public health recommendations:
  • Follow guidance from public health officials regarding quarantine measures, travel restrictions, and other preventive measures to help control the spread of avian influenza.
  • Notify close contacts: Inform your close contacts, such as family members, caregivers, and healthcare providers, about your diagnosis of avian influenza so that they can take appropriate precautions to protect themselves.

conclusion

A significant threat to poultry and human health, avian influenza, demands vigilance and preventive action. Understanding its causes and symptoms is important for early detection and prevention. Practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected birds are key preventive measures. Quick response and effective vaccines are critical in managing the outbreak and reducing transmission. Collaboration between health authorities, governments and the poultry industry is essential for effective surveillance and control measures. By increasing awareness and implementing preventive strategies, we can reduce the impact of avian influenza on both animal welfare and public health.

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication .health-live.store does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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